Our time spent indoors increased during the COVID-19 pandemic as a ensue of stop-at-domestic and defense-in-office policies cosmopolitan. Many people don’t know to cognize that there are not only out-of-door publicity sort standards but also intramural tune nature standards to back humanistic haleness in our asylum and other buildings. Air pollution indoor increases the chance to be infected with diseases. We know that astronauts are very familiar with the importance of indoor air quality in the confinement of spacecraft. We know also that NASA has developed air filtering techniques to remove harmful particles from the air (to protect equipment from lunar dust, for example) and maintain a favorable mix of gases to ensure the wellbeing of the crew. To address this challenge, we studied International Space Station (ISS) systems for purification of air which inspires us to this idea.
Our idea works on detection then purification which concluded in three systems. The first one is a detection system to detect the COVID-19 virus by THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA. The thermal detection will help people predict the number of infected people by COVID-19. also, to warn people in malls, companies, and so on.
THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA: A system for dual-band acquisition of infrared images in
which the IR images acquired in two spectral bands are combined into an image by overlapping employing image processing in a computer system
A thermographic camera (also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera or thermal imager) is a device that creates an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light. Instead of the 400–700-nanometer range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to wavelengths from about 1,000 nm (1 μm) to about 14,000 nm (14 μm). The art of capturing and analyzing the data they provide is called thermography.
The process of screening:
Thermal screening is a process of detecting radiation. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. It someone has a fever, the thermal screening will allow them to detect them and they can further be tested for coronavirus.
Infrared energy: is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which encompasses radiation from gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, a thin region of visible light, infrared, terahertz waves, microwaves, and radio waves. These are all related and differentiated in the length of their wave (wavelength). All objects emit a certain amount of black body radiation as a function of their temperature.
Generally speaking, the higher an object's temperature, the more infrared radiation is emitted as black-body radiation. A special camera can detect this radiation in a way similar to the way an ordinary camera detects visible light. It works even in total darkness because the ambient light level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground.
A major difference with optical cameras is that the focusing lenses cannot be made of glass, as glass blocks long-wave infrared light. Typically, the spectral range of thermal radiation is from 7 to 14 μm.
Special materials such as Germanium, calcium fluoride, crystalline silicon, or newly developed special type of chalcogenide glasses must be used. Except for calcium fluoride, all these materials are quite hard and have a high refractive index (for germanium n=4) which leads to very high Fresnel reflection from uncoated surfaces (up to more than 30%). For this reason, most of the lenses for thermal cameras have anti-reflective coatings. The higher cost of these special lenses is one reason why thermographic cameras are more costly.
Images from infrared cameras tend to be monochrome because the cameras generally use an image sensor that does not distinguish different wavelengths of infrared radiation. Color image sensors require a complex construction to differentiate wavelengths, and color has less meaning outside of the normal visible spectrum because the differing wavelengths do not map uniformly into the system of color vision used by humans.
The second system is for detecting viruses, bacteria, and harmful organic particles in the air, then analyze the data collected in the detection in terms of percentages. The system uses visible light
fluorescence spectroscopy” to detect signs of viruses and bacteria that cause foodborne illness. It measures the reflection of light off of your hands to determine whether or not a set of proprietary markers are present. When the percentage of these harmful particles increases, the device release warning sound to warn people inside the room that it will get into the purification phase. The purification phase involves the photocatalytic process.
Different photocatalysts have been used for outdoor and indoor air purification. Photocatalysts are semiconductors and commonly belong to the group of metal oxides or sulfides. In photocatalytic air purifiers, the catalyst that cleans the air is typically titanium dioxide (sometimes called titanium) and it's energized by ultraviolet (UV) light. UV is the short-wavelength light just beyond the blue/violet part of the electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes can detect.
Here's how the titanium dioxide catalyst in an air purifier breaks apart molecules of air pollution:
When UV light (the big yellow arrow shown here) shines on the titanium dioxide, electrons (the tiny, negatively charged particles inside atoms) are released at its surface. It's the electrons that do useful work for us.
The electrons interact with water molecules (H2O) in the air, breaking them up into hydroxyl radicals (OH·), which are highly reactive, short-lived, uncharged forms of hydroxide ions (OH).
These small, agile hydroxyl radicals then attack bigger organic (carbon-based) pollutant molecules, breaking apart their chemical bonds and turning them into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide and water. This is an example of oxidation—and that's why air purifiers that work this way are sometimes also described as PCO (photocatalytic oxidation) air cleaners.
Here, then, is the big advantage that photocatalytic air purifiers have over other air-cleaning technologies, such as filters: instead of simply trapping pollutants (which still have to be disposed of somehow), they completely transform the harmful chemicals and effectively destroy them.
The photocatalytic process may increase the percentage of CO2 in the air, so we will remove this percentage with canisters that contain powdered lithium hydroxide as the most spacecraft do. When air containing carbon dioxide (CO2) gets passed through the canister, it combines with lithium hydroxide (LiOH) to form lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and water (H2O).
As we live in the air, breathe air, and the air carries many harmful organisms, then we need to purify this environment and turn it into something clean. As we read in "life support systems – atmosphere management", we knew that we needed to cover some major aspects which are the detection of the pollutants which includes the air and the surfaces, and the purification of the air. Therefore, we searched for the prior mechanisms that were used in the purification of the air like in conditioning systems for example.
Firstly, we have to detect the viruses. The PathSpot hand scanner can be used to detect if there is a virus or any harmful bacteria. After that, we have to remove these harmful particles. Then, we found out that the mechanism of purifying the air by the titanium which is illustrated in the question above produces a lot of carbon dioxide as a by-product. In the next step, we decided to use the canisters that contain powdered lithium hydroxide. It combines with the excess carbon dioxide and produce a solid matter and water.
Moving to people, one of the most common symptoms that corona infected people is to decrease the possibility of existing some of the coronavirus in the air. It will be a system of thermal detection to all the people entering the building and it will alert the system to take into consideration that there is a person with a high temperature in the environment.
https://youtu.be/Pm7oW0fWzQk
For a considerable length of time, NASA engineers have been key players in the structure, manufacture, and testing of the gear that guards space explorers in space - on Skylab, Spacelab, and the International Space Station. Cooperating with industry, they made the Environmental Control and Life Support System for the circling lab to give clean water and air, the essential components required for endurance.
Presently a group of architects has sent another examination to the station to test materials that will expand the life expectancy forever emotionally supportive networks on long-length trips to Mars and the past. At the point when the ninth SpaceX resupply strategic the station propelled July 18, it conveyed the Long Duration Sorbent Testbed.
"Presentation to the one of a kind situation in the space station can change the manner in which materials carry on," said David Howard, program administrator of the examination at Marshall. "This incorporates what we use to channel air and water, so we need alternatives for frameworks we make for what's to come."
The existence emotionally supportive network on the space station as of now utilizes a silica gel to expel dampness or water from the air, permitting another bit of equipment to all the more proficiently scour carbon dioxide from the air, shielding it from getting harmful. Following a year, that gel loses up to 75 percent of its ability to ingest water, making it important to supplant it moderately frequently. As space travelers adventure father out into the close planetary system, they won't have the advantage of incessant resupply missions and must consider the weight and space impediments related to pressing all the provisions they may need to carry with them on the mission.
Architects and physicists accept that the gel loses that effect because of nature inside the station and in excess of 200 recorded contaminants there. The station is a shut domain. Typical off-gassing of scents from plastics and individual consideration items stay in the lodge air as opposed to being weakened by the environment as here on Earth. While a specific framework cleans these contaminants, follow sums despite everything stay in the lodge.
"There is a mind-boggling air on the space station," said Jim Knox, a plane architect at Marshall and head examiner for the investigation. "The blend of natural contaminants alone on the station is a new area for us. As we select materials for future frameworks, we have to know how these materials will respond to those contaminants. On the off chance that we can construct better channels, we can curtail the number of substitutions we would send on profound space missions and can utilize that space for different payloads."
This testbed will concentrate new substances that draw in and gather particles to figure out which would be best for use in channels on long-length missions. The gadget propelled with 12 distinct materials to open to the station condition. These materials were chosen explicitly to help with carbon dioxide evacuation. The "scrubbers" on the station need water expelled from the air so carbon dioxide can be all the more effortlessly handled alongside squander hydrogen from the oxygen generator, changing over two waste items into the water, a valuable ware.
At the point when the examination is introduced on the station, it will run for a year without the requirement for association from the space travelers. Ground teams will screen it from Earth while directing a comparative test with the materials in the research facility on the ground for examination.
The Long Duration Sorbent Testbed won't just give information on the best material for use on long excursions in space, yet will likewise tell us to what extent those materials will be viable. Both are basic focuses with regards to planning the rocket that will convey us farther into space than any time in recent memory.
In a nutshell, bright light sparkles onto an impetus, which changes over water noticeable all around into a structure that transforms particles of contamination into progressively innocuous substances...
In photocatalytic air purifiers, the impetus that cleans the air is commonly titanium dioxide (at times called titania) and it's invigorated by bright (UV) light. UV is the short-frequency light just past the blue/violet piece of the electromagnetic range that our eyes can distinguish. The terrible thing about it is that it gives you a burn from the sun. Interestingly, it has significantly more vitality than normal, obvious light—and precisely the perfect measure of vitality to get titanium dioxide energized.
Titanium dioxide is a semiconductor (somewhat like materials, for example, silicon, utilized in incorporated circuits). You don't really require a lot of titanium dioxide: only a slim film covering the outside of a support material called a substrate, which is normally produced using a fired or a bit of metal, (for example, aluminum).
Here's the manner by which the titanium dioxide impetus in an air purifier breaks separated atoms of air contamination. Liveliness indicating how photocatalysis functions.
At the point when UV light (the enormous yellow bolt appeared here) sparkles on the titanium dioxide, electrons (the minuscule, contrarily charged particles inside molecules) are discharged at its surface. The electrons accomplish the valuable work for us.
The electrons collaborate with water particles (H2O) noticeable all around, separating them into hydroxyl radicals (OH·), which are profoundly responsive, fleeting, uncharged types of hydroxide particles (OH).−
These little, nimble hydroxyl radicals at that point assault greater natural (carbon-based) poison atoms, breaking separated their synthetic securities and transforming them into innocuous substances, for example, carbon dioxide and water. This is a case of oxidation—and that is the reason air purifiers that work along these lines are now and again likewise depicted as PCO (photocatalytic oxidation) air cleaners.
Here, at that point, is the enormous favorable position that photocatalytic air purifiers have over other air-cleaning advances, for example, channels: rather than basically catching toxins (which despite everything must be discarded by one way or another), they totally change the destructive synthetic compounds and successfully obliterate them.
One of every six Americans become ill each year from foodborne ailment, driving to a huge number of hospitalizations and even passing. The CDC refers to that practically 50% of all foodborne ailment is the consequence of poor handwashing, and concurring to the USDA, 97% of Americans do not wash their hands viably. It's the ideal opportunity for another answer for the handwashing issue. The PathSpot hand scanner gives your food-dealing with colleagues continuous input on the viability of handwashing. It likewise gathers information that your business can use to quantify and improve handwashing consistence. The PathSpot hand scanner employments an innovation called "noticeable light fluorescence spectroscopy" to identify indications of infections and microorganisms that cause foodborne ailment. It measures the impression of light off of your mind to decide if a lot of exclusive markers are available. You can see who's washing, when, and how viably. You'll have the permeability you have to guarantee consistency and bolster a positive sanitation culture. By putting this ability into the device we could make a scan for the environment in the room and tell the percent of the viruses and bacteria that will send a signal to filter to work.
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/long_duration_sorbent_testbe
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20160009736.pdf
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-photocatalytic-air-purifiers-work.